Digital cds readout with 1.5 adc conversions per pixel

ABSTRACT

A CMOS image sensor is made of an array of pixels. A column of the pixel array is coupled to a readout column. The readout column is couple to a readout circuitry (RC) that reads out an image data from the pixel array. The RC is made of at least one sampling switch which is coupled to a successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The SAR ADC is made of a differential comparator, a local SAR control, and at least one digital-to-analog converter (DAC). One sampling switch is coupled between a readout column and a non-inverting input of the differential comparator. An image readout method reads two pixels with three conversions by using the RC. The RC is operated by SAR control circuitry to set its two DACs based on comparator output, and upon which a reset digital value is obtained and stored. The image data is achieved with a reduced algorithm calculation by using the stored reset digital value alongside other operations of the RC.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to ComplementaryMetal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors, and in particular butnot exclusively, relates to method to reduce the number of analog todigital conversions for Digital Correlated Double Sampling (DCDS) in aCMOS image sensor. A reduction in energy consumption per pixel isachieved as consequence.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Image sensors have become ubiquitous. They are widely used in digitalstill cameras, cellular phones, security cameras, as well as medical,automobile, and other applications. Image sensors commonly utilizeComplementary-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors to captureimage data of an imaged scene. CMOS devices include an array of pixelswhich are photosensitive to incident light from a scene for a particularamount of time. This exposure time allows charges of individual pixelsto accumulate until the pixels have a particular signal voltage value,also known as the pixel grey value. These individual signal voltagevalues may then be correlated into digital image data representing theimaged scene.

Image quality is very important. To achieve higher quality, the increaseof the number of pixels within the array provides one solution. Toeliminate as much noise in the image data as possible provides theother. A common way in CMOS image sensors to reduce noise is correlateddouble sampling (CDS). CDS reduces the noise in the signal bycalculating the difference between the signal voltage value (image greyvalue), and a reset signal (image black background noise) for the givenpixel. Implementing CDS reduces the fixed pattern noise and othertemporal noise from the image data. Correlated double sampling may bedone in analog or digital domain.

A system for digital correlated double sampling for an image sensorhaving a plurality of pixels includes: an analog-to-digital convertor(ADC) stage for converting analog data into digital image data andoutputting reset data; memory for storing both the digital image dataand the reset data; and a digital correlated double sampling (DCDS)stage for generating digitally correlated double sampled image databased upon the subtraction between the digital image data and thedigital reset data.

A method for digital correlated double sampling for an image sensorhaving a plurality of pixels includes: converting analog image data intodigital image data using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) stage;storing, directly into memory, the digital image data, and the digitalreset data from the ADC stage; and generating digital correlated doublesampled digital image data based upon the digital image data and digitalreset data.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples of the invention are describedwith reference to the following figures, wherein like reference numeralsrefer to like parts throughout the various views unless otherwisespecified.

FIG. 1A illustrates a CMOS image sensor with an array of photo diodes ina typical 4T pixel configuration in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 1B illustrates a a timing diagram of typically conventional DigitalCorrelated Double Sampling (DCDS) operation for pixel readout inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a first example 2-column successive approximation register(SAR) ADC that has a comparator of two differential inputs and twodigital to analog converters (DACs) to convert pixel analog voltagesV_(PIX0) and V_(PIX1) to digital image signals in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a first example waveform in association with the operation ofthe 2-column SAR ADC in an imaging sensor in dealing with arithmeticcalculation in associate with the circuitry of FIG. 2 in accordance withan embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is an illustrative chart of 4 different settings which allow 4different mappings or swapping of pixel column outputs to the ADC inputwithin groups of 4 neighbor pixels in associate with the circuitry ofFIG. 1A and FIG. 2 in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 5 is an illustrative chart of more useful swapping settings ofpixel column outputs to the ADC input within groups of 4 neighbor pixelsin associate with the disclosed circuitry and disclosed method tomitigate the clipping effects in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a second example 1-column SAR ADC that has a comparator of twodifferential inputs and a single DAC to convert pixel analog voltageV_(PIX) to digital image signal in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a second example waveform in association with the operation ofthe 1-column SAR ADC in an imaging sensor in dealing with arithmeticcalculation in associate with the circuit of FIG. 6 in accordance withan embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 is a detailed circuitry of DAC in associate with the SAR ADC ofFIG. 2 and FIG. 6 in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 9 is a detailed circuitry of each DAC unit cells in associate withthe DAC of FIG. 8 in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding componentsthroughout the several views of the drawings. Skilled artisans willappreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicityand clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example,the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggeratedrelative to other elements to help to improve understanding of variousembodiments of the present invention. Also, common but well-understoodelements that are useful or necessary in a commercially feasibleembodiment are often not depicted in order to facilitate a lessobstructed view of these various embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of an apparatus and method for a fast settling pixel outputline in an imaging sensor are described herein. In the followingdescription, numerous specific details are set forth to provide athorough understanding of the embodiments. One skilled in the relevantart will recognize, however, that the techniques described herein can bepracticed without one or more of the specific details, or with othermethods, components, materials, etc. In other instances, well-knownstructures, materials, or operations are not shown or described indetail to avoid obscuring certain aspects.

Reference throughout this specification to “one example” or “oneembodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, orcharacteristic described in connection with the example is included inat least one example of the present invention. Thus, the appearances ofthe phrases “in one example” or “in one embodiment” in various placesthroughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to thesame example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, orcharacteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or moreexamples.

Throughout this specification, several terms of art are used. Theseterms are to take on their ordinary meaning in the art from which theycome, unless specifically defined herein or the context of their usewould clearly suggest otherwise.

A method to reduce the number of analog to digital conversions is neededfor Digital Correlated Double Sampling (DCDS) in a CMOS image sensor.The method allows 2 pixels to be read using only 3 analog to digitalconversions, i.e. with an average of 1.5 conversions per pixel, comparedto 2 conversions per pixel with conventional DCDS. The method alsoprovides the DCDS result directly as an output from the analog todigital conversion, without the need to arithmetically calculate thedifference between the signal conversion and reset conversion. Theenergy consumption per pixel can therefore be reduced. A CMOS imagesensor is implemented in a 90 nm technology to demonstrate that themethod works as expected.

FIG. 1A illustrates that a CMOS image sensor 100 comprises a pixel arrayincluding a plurality of pixels. It is commonly implemented with pinnedphoto diodes in a typical 4T pixel configuration 120. A plurality of 4Tpixels 120 forms a plurality of pixel rows 130 which are read through aplurality of readout columns 140 to a plurality of readout circuitry150. The digital correlated double sampling (DCDS) processes digitalimage data from ADC outputs 156 which suppresses the thermal kTC noiseand ADC offset of each pixels.

In a conventional 4T pixel configuration 120 with readout circuitry 150as shown in FIG. 1A, a pinned photo diode (PD) 102 generates imagecharges in response to incident light. A transfer (TX) transistor 104enables charge transfer from the PD 102 to a floating diffusion (FD)node 106. A reset (RST) transistor 108 is used to reset the pixel 120. Asource follower (SF) transistor 110 and a row select (RS) transistor 112connect the FD node 106 in the selected pixel row to a per-column sharedpixel readout column 140 that carries an output voltage Vpix. A biascurrent source I_(B) 142 is used to bias the source follower transistors110 of each pixels connected to the readout column.

The Vpix output is also connected to a per-column readout circuitry 150,shown in FIG. 1A as a sampling switch (SHX) 152 and a SAR ADC 154.Although in one embodiment, for demonstration purpose, SAR ADCs arefocused on because of their high energy efficiency, the scope should notbe viewed as limited to SAR ADCs only. Other type of ADCs may also beapplicable in other embodiments to the present disclosure.

A pixel row is first pre-charged by asserting both the TX and RSTswitches. Shortly after that, the de-asserting of both switchesinitiates the exposure time.

A typically conventional DCDS operation for pixel readout is illustratedin a timing diagram as shown in FIG. 1B. In the “Pixel reset” phase 160,the RST switch 108 is pulsed in order to apply a reset voltage to thefloating diffusion (FD) node 106. The Vpix output is then converted to adigital signal during the “Reset conversion” phase 170. The TX gate ispulsed such that charge accumulated in the PD 102 (since the pre-chargeoperation) is transferred to the FD node 106 during the “Chargetransfer” phase 180. This reduces the Vpix pixel output voltage by V_(S)due to the accumulation of negatively charged electrons on the FD node106. Finally, the pixel output voltage is sampled during the “Signalconversion” phase 190.

Some phases may partially overlap in a sampled system. For instance, inone embodiment, the charge transfer may start after the reset signal issampled, but before the reset conversion is completed.

As the DCDS result, a final signal C, is calculated using the signalconversion result Sig and reset conversion result Rst. In the case whereredundancy is included in the ADC, a decoding function df( ) must beapplied to each ADC code, prior to calculating the difference as shownin equation (1).

C=df(Sig)−df(Rst)  (1)

In order to reduce the energy consumption needed to read pixel data, anupdated DCDS operation is disclosed in one embodiment.

For a SAR ADC 220 shown in FIG. 2, two pixel columns outputs V_(PIX0)and V_(PIX1) are connected to the differential inputs of a differentialcomparator 210 of a SAR ADC 220, as shown in FIG. 2. Each SAR ADC 220 istwo-pixel-column wide in its physical layout and includes twoindividually controllable sampling switches 202 and 204. This allowsseparate sampling of the pixel signals (V_(PIX0) and V_(PIX1)) from evenand odd columns. The two charge redistribution DACs, DAC₀ 206 and DAC₁208, also serve as input sampling capacitors. Further, the differentialcomparator 210 of the SAR ADC 220 with AC-coupled inputs and local SARcontrol logic 212.

A shared SAR control block 230, as shown in FIG. 2, controls the inputsampling switches 202 and 204, and the timing of the successiveapproximation switching algorithm of all column SAR ADCs 220. Let thesampled voltage of an ideal charge redistribution DAC be V₀ and let DACbit n be equal to x_(n) at the time of sampling. Each bit n has anassociated weight w_(n), relative to the supplied voltage referenceC_(VREF). When DAC bit n is later modified to x′_(n), the DAC outputVDAC changes as defined by equation (2).

V _(DAC) =V ₀ +V _(VREF) ·G·Σ _(n=0) ^(N−1) w _(n)·(x′ _(n) −x_(n))  (2)

The full DAC voltage swing will be less than V_(REF) due to parasiticcapacitance and loading from the comparator. The gain factor G is suchthat equation (3) is fulfilled.

G·Σ _(n=0) ^(N−1) w _(n)<1  (3)

Since electrons accumulate negative charge in the pixel, the pixeloutput will normally change in the negative direction during the chargetransfer phase. This is referred to as a positive DCDS result. At thesame time, noise in the pixel amplifier, pixel biasing and ADC affectthe conversion result such that the DCDS result may be negative. The DACsetting used during sampling can be chosen such that the DAC supports arelatively small negative voltage change and a larger positive voltagechange.

The disclosed two-pixel DCDS readout shown in 200 of FIG. 2 is performedin six phases as illustrated in FIG. 3. Firstly, the differential resetsignal is sampled onto the differential ADC input during the “Resetsample” phase 310. The even and odd DACs 206 and 208 are initializedwith DAC codes (P₀−P_(n0)) and (P₀+P_(n1)), respectively. P₀ is aconstant large enough to allow conversion of the comparator offsetV_(OFF) (FIG. 3) without clipping (value saturation). P_(n0) and P_(n1)(P_(n0) may be slightly different from P_(n1)) are variables smallerthan P₀, which may be randomly updated (dithered) per row in order toimprove the ADC DNL performance. The comparator 210 is also reset duringthis phase 310 with a pulse, prior to opening the sampling switches 202and 204.

During the “Reset conversion” phase 320, the comparator inputsuccessively approximates the comparator trigger point by stepping DAC₀(refer to the wiggling waveform of V_(DAC0) during Phase 320 in FIG. 3),leaving V_(DAC1) unmodified (i.e., maintained at V_(DAC1)=V_(R1)). Thefinal digital equivalent code of DAC₀ due to the “Reset conversion”phase 320 is D_(R) (a reset digital value) and the comparator is closeto its trigger point. Near the trigger point, as can be seen from Table1, DAC₀ code has been adjusted from P₀−P_(n0) to P₀+D_(R). The value ofV_(DAC0), as a result, is set from V_(R0) to V_(R0)+ΔV(D_(R))+ΔV(P_(n0))to minimize the quantization error of V_(DAC0)−V_(DAC1) to V_(QR), whereΔV_(QR) is less than ΔV(LSB), as found in Table 1, at the end of theconversion of Phase 320, where LSB is the least significant bit of an Nbits digital value of either DAC.

TABLE 1 PRINCIPAL ALGORITHM WITH DAC CODES AND VOLTAGES DAC₀ DAC₁ Phasecode code V_(DAC0) V_(DAC1) V_(DAC0) − V_(DAC1) 310 P₀ − P_(n0) P₀ +P_(n1) V_(R0) V_(R1) 320 P₀ + D_(R) P₀ + P_(n1) V_(R0) + V_(R1) V_(QR)ΔV(D_(R)) + ΔV(P_(n0)) 330 V_(R1) − V_(S1) 340 P₀ + D_(R) D₁ V_(R0) +V_(R1) − V_(S1) + V_(Q1) ΔV(D_(R)) + ΔV(D₁) − ΔV(P_(n0)) ΔV(P₀) −ΔV(P_(n1)) 350 P₀ − D_(R) V_(R0) − V_(S0) 360 D₀ D₁ V_(R0) − V_(S0) −V_(R1) − V_(S1) + V_(Q0) ΔV(P₀) + ΔV(D₁) − ΔV(D_(R)) + ΔV(P₀) − ΔV(D₀)ΔV(P_(n1))

At the end of the ADC conversion phase 320, the successive approximationalgorithm will result in small quantization error V_(QR) at thedifferential comparator input, shown in Table 1. We define a functionΔV(x) as equation (4), where x is a DAC code.

ΔV(x)=V _(VREF) ·G·Σ _(n=0) ^(N−1) w _(n) ·x _(n)  (4)

In the third phase 330, the odd column pixel voltage V_(PIX1) afterpixel charge transfer is sampled onto V_(DAC1). The V_(DAC1) voltage isreduced by V_(S1) as indicated by FIG. 3. During the following “Signalconversion” phase 340, DAC₁ is successively stepped (refer to thewiggling waveform of V_(DAC1) during Phase 340 in FIG. 3) in order toapproximate the odd column pixel charge. The final DAC₁ code from thisphase is D₁. As the comparator reaches its trigger point, seen fromTable 1, DAC₁ code has been adjusted from P₀+P_(n1) to D₁. The value ofV_(DAC1), as a result, is set from V_(R1)−V_(S1) toV_(R1)−V_(S1)+ΔV(D₁)−ΔV(P₀)−ΔV(P_(n1)) to minimize the quantizationerror of V_(DAC0)−V_(DAC1) to V_(Q1), where V_(Q1) is less than ΔV(LSB),found in Table 1, at the end of the conversion of Phase 340.

In the fifth phase 350, the even column sampling switch 202 is opened inorder to sample the even column pixel voltage V_(PIX0) onto V_(DAC0).Again, the pixel charge transfer occurs during or before this phase. TheV_(DAC0) voltage is reduced by V_(S0) compared to the sampled resetvoltage V_(R0) as can be seen from FIG. 3. During the signal samplingphase 350, the DAC₀ holds a selected code of P₀−D_(R), in order tocompensate for the comparator offset. The selection of P₀−D_(R) to DAC₀is the essence of this present disclosure. It makes the DAC₀ do the mathand removed an arithmetic subtraction between the offset V_(OFF) causedby the reset and the signal (indicated by equation (1)) normally takesplace at a later time in digital domain. This is made possible becausethe offset voltage ΔV(D_(R)) represented by the DAC₀ code D_(R) iscancelled out from the final calculation if method hereby disclosed isused.

In the final “Signal conversion” phase 360, DAC₀ is successively stepped(refer to the wiggling waveform of V_(DAC0) during Phase 360 in FIG. 3)in order to approximate the even column pixel charge. The final DAC₀code from this phase is D₀. As the comparator 210 approaches its triggerpoint, seen from Table 1, DAC₀ code has been adjusted from P₀−D_(R) toD₀. The value of V_(DAC0), as a result, is set from V_(R0)−V_(S0) toV_(R0)−V_(S0)−ΔV(P₀)+ΔV(D_(R))+ΔV(D₀) to minimize the quantization errorof V_(DAC0)−V_(DAC1) to V_(Q0), where V_(Q0) is less than ΔV(LSB), asfound in Table 1, at the end of the conversion of Phase 360.

The information from Table 1 may be concluded as:

ΔV(D ₀)=V _(S0) +V _(Q0) −V _(Q1) +λV(P ₀)+ΔV(P _(n0))  (5)

ΔV(D ₁)=V _(S1) +V _(QR) −V _(Q1) +ΔV(P ₀)+ΔV(P _(n1))  (6)

Equations (5) and (6) show that the output codes D₀ and D₁ represent theimage pixel signal V_(S0) and V_(S1), respectively, offset by theinitial codes P₀ and P₁, used during the reset sampling phase. Due tothe digital CDS operation, each output also includes two quantizationerrors.

The reset caused offset ΔV(D_(R)) is, however, not appeared in eitherequations (5) or (6). That means the DCDS method provides the DCDSresult directly without the need for an arithmetic operation tocalculate the subtraction of the reset value from the signal value. Thatalso means that the DCDS method reduces the signal processing needed fordecoding of redundancy, in case where an ADC with redundancy is used. Toconclude, the disclosed method reads two pixels with 3 ADC conversions.It means that a new reduced to 1.5 ADC conversions per pixel verses 2ADC conversions per pixel as in a conventional method.

The ADC and proposed algorithm may have an input signal range that isdefined by the supplied voltage reference. If V_(S1) is saturated,V_(Q1) may be larger than the normal quantization error. It may be seenfrom (5) that this will also affect the converted output signal D₀.Hence, the saturation of odd column pixels will lead to an error in theconversion of the corresponding even column pixel. This effect may bemitigated by smart post processing of the output data.

The connection between pixel columns and ADC inputs may also be swappedon a per-row basis. For instance, one can always connect green pixelsfrom a Bayer pixel pattern to the V_(PIX0) ADC input. If, for a specificuse case, it is known that green pixels are more likely to be saturatedthan red or blue pixels. This may reduce the effect of saturatedV_(PIX1) ADC inputs.

In a different embodiment, pixel columns may be swapped such that eachADC is provided with inputs from the same color pixels.

In order to limit complexity, an implementation may, for instance, allowcolumn swapping within groups of 4 neighbor pixels. An example of suchswapping is shown in FIG. 4, where 4 different settings allow 4different mappings 410, 420, 430, 440 from pixel column output to theADC input.

For column swapping, every two adjacent 2-column SAR ADCs are coupled toevery four adjacent readout columns, and wherein each sampling switch ofthe 2-column SAR ADC is to receive one of the four adjacent readoutcolumns based on which pixel row is under read in the readout sequenceof the image sensor.

Some examples on use of such swapped settings to mitigate the effects ofclipping are further shown in FIG. 5.

Although the method of the 1.5-ADC-conversions-per-pixel has powerefficiency advantage over the 2-ADC-conversions-per-pixel, it may bear adisadvantage in speed since 3 conversions are needed per pixel row incomparing to 2 for the conventional DCDS method. To regain speed, the2-ADC-conversions-per-pixel may also be implemented using the methoddisclosed for the 1.5-ADC-conversions-per-pixel above.

In order to improve speed needed to read pixel data, a second DCDSoperation is disclosed in another embodiment.

A shared SAR control block 630 shown in FIG. 6 controls an inputsampling switch 602 and timing of the successive approximation switchingalgorithm of all column ADCs 620.

The disclosed one-pixel DCDS readout is performed in four phrases asillustrated in FIG. 7. Firstly, the differential reset signal is sampledonto the differential ADC input during the “Reset sample” phase 710 witha bias voltage being introduced to the inverting input of the comparator610. The DAC is initialized with non-zero P₁−P_(n1) during resetsampling. The comparator 610 is again reset during this phase, prior toopening the sampling switches 602.

During the “Reset conversion” phase 720, the comparator inputsuccessively approximates the comparator 610 trigger point by steppingDAC (refer to the wiggling waveform of V_(DAC) during Phase 720 in FIG.7). The final DAC code increases from the “Reset conversion” phase 720by D_(R) (a reset digital value) and the comparator is close to itstrigger point. As the comparator 610 approaches its trigger point, ascan be seen from Table 2, DAC code has been adjusted from P₁−P_(n1) toP₁+D_(R). The value of V_(DAC), as a result, is set from V_(R) toV_(R)+ΔV(D_(R))+ΔV(P_(n1)) to minimize the quantization error ofV_(DAC)−V_(BIAs) to V_(QR), where V_(QR) is less than ΔV(LSB), as foundin Table 2, at the end of the conversion of Phase 720.

TABLE 2 Principal algorithm with DAC codes and voltages Phase DAC codeV_(DAC) V_(BIAS) V_(DAC) − V_(BIAS) 710 P_(I) − P_(n1) V_(R) V_(BIAS)720 P_(I) + D_(R) V_(R) + V_(BIAS) V_(QR) ΔV(D_(R)) + ΔV(P_(nI)) 730P_(I) − D_(R) V_(R)− V_(S) 740 D_(S) V_(R) − V_(S) − ΔV(P_(I) ) +V_(BIAS) V_(QS) ΔV(D_(R)) + ΔV(D_(S))

In the third phase 730, the sampling switch 602 is opened in order tosample the column pixel voltage onto V_(DAC). Again, the pixel chargetransfer occurs during or before this phase. The V_(DAC) voltage isreduced by V_(S) compared to the sampled reset voltage as can be seenfrom FIG. 7. During the sampling phase 730, the DAC holds a code ofP₁−D_(R), in order to compensate for the comparator offset. Theselection of P₁−D_(R) to DAC is the essence of this present disclosure.It makes the DAC do the math and removed an arithmetic subtractionbetween the offset caused by the reset and the signal (as indicated byequation (1)) normally takes place at a later time. This is madepossible because the offset voltage ΔV(D_(R)) represented by the DACcode D_(R) is cancelled out from the final calculation if method herebydisclosed is used.

In the final “Signal conversion” phase 740, DAC is successively stepped(refer to the wiggling waveform of V_(DAC) during Phase 740 in FIG. 7)in order to approximate the column pixel charge. The final DAC code fromthis phase is D_(S). As the comparator reaches its trigger point, as canbe seen from Table 2, DAC code has been adjusted from PI-DR to DS. Thevalue of V_(DAC), as a result, is set from V_(R)−V_(S) toV_(R)−V_(S)−ΔV(P₁)+ΔV(D_(R))+ΔV(D_(S)) to minimize the quantizationerror of V_(DAC)−V_(BIAS) to V_(QS), where V_(QS) is less than ΔV(LSB),as found in Table 2, at the end of the conversion of Phase 740.

The information from Table 2 may be concluded as:

ΔV(D _(S))=V _(S) +V _(QS) −V _(QR) +ΔV(P ₁)+ΔV(P _(n1))  (7)

Equations (7) show that the output code D_(S) represents the delta(refer to equation (1)) pixel signal V_(S), offset by the initial codesP₁ and P_(n1) used during the reset sampling phase. Due to the digitalCDS operation, each output also includes two quantization errors.

The reset caused offset ΔV(D_(R)) is, however, not appeared in equation(7). That means the DCDS method provides the DCDS result directlywithout the need for an arithmetic operation to calculate thesubtraction of the reset value from the signal value in the digitaldomain. That also means that the DCDS method reduces the signalprocessing needed for decoding of redundancy (in case where an ADC withredundancy is used). To conclude, the disclosed method reads each pixelwith 2 ADC conversions, without the need to arithmetically calculate thedifference between the signal conversion and reset conversion.

Each charge redistribution DAC 206, 208, 606 is implemented as asplit-capacitor DAC 800 with top-plate sampling as shown in FIG. 8. Themost significant bit in the capacitor array has been replaced by a copyof the rest of the capacitor array. The DAC 800 therefore consists oftwo sub-DACs, DAC A 810 and DAC B 820. The two sub-DACs have equalweights. This approach provides several benefits. First, it allows thesuccessive approximation switching algorithm to be implemented energyefficiently. By initializing DAC A 810 and DAC B 820 such, since the bitswitching occurs without trial-and-error, where in trial-and-error modefor a SAR ADC, a bit is preset in a trial, tested with comparator,conditionally reset, and set again based on output value of thecomparator, etc. Using both DAC A 810 and DAC B 820 allows ADCapproximation always moving in the correct direction (720 and 740 inFIG. 7) by using a test, conditional set, test, conditional setalgorithm. In each SAR step, a bit (of either DAC A 810 or DAC B 820)can be modified in the desired direction as a result of the comparatoroutput. In the more traditional single DAC approach, a bit must first bemodified, and then possibly modified backward (like in a trial) based onthe comparator result. Further, it enables a simple way to negate thereset conversion result to DAC0 in Phase 320 without the need forarithmetic operations. Such a benefit is demonstrated by Equations (5)and (6).

DAC A 810 and DAC B 820 may be interleaved in a sense that DAC A bit(n)is next to DAC B bit(n) and DAC A bit(n+1) next to DAC B bit(n+1).

The relative capacitor size of C₀ through C₁₁ is shown in Table 3. TheLSB capacitor C₀ is approximately 8 fF, including parasitic capacitance.The AC coupling split capacitor C_(AC) 812 is shared between the twohalf-DACs (MSB-Half 830 and LSB-Half 840), and a possible value may putC_(AC)=4C₀, where MSB is the most significant bit of an N bits digitalvalue. A variable-size capacitor C_(t) 818 is used to tune the ratiobetween the MSB-Half 830 and LSB-Half 840 of the DAC, such that theweight w₆=2·w₅. Note that w_(B) denotes the ideal bit weight, while theactual weight may vary due to mismatch and parasitic capacitance.

TABLE 3 Non-binary DAC relative capacitor size and weight Bit 11 10 9 87 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 C_(n)/C₀ 26 14 7 4 2 1 8 5 3 2 1 1 w_(i) 416 224 112 6432 16 8 5 3 2 1 1

In a different embodiment, the number of DAC bits and their weight maybe different from what described in Table 3. Additionally, the number ofAC coupling capacitors may be larger than one, and the relative weightbetween each bit may be non-integer weighted. For instance, the weightmay be implemented such that (w_(i+1)/w_(i)) is a fixed, non-integerratio smaller than 2.

The negative voltage reference V_(REFN) is connected to signal ground,while the positive voltage reference V_(REFP) is driven by an internalvoltage reference generator. The voltage reference settling requirementsare significantly relaxed due to the redundancy in the DAC, which allowsfor faster conversion and reduced energy consumption.

In an example, some ADC design parameters are listed in Table 4. Thecombined DAC range of both sub-DACs, DAC A and DAC B, is 1768 LSBs, or10.79 bits.

TABLE 4 ADC Design Parameters Parameter Value Reset conversion steps 10Signal conversion steps 12 P_(n) randomization bits  6 DAC range 1768LSBs Minimum output DCDS range 1280 LSBs

The disclosed algorithm is implemented in a 2.8 μm pitch CMOS imagesensor. Each DAC 900 is therefore 2.8 μm wide (to match the pixel width)and 423 μm high. It consists of 24 DAC unit cells—12 for each of thesub-DACs. That is, A₀−A₁₁ for DAC A 810 and B₀−B₁₁ for DAC B 820, asshown in FIG. 9.

Each DAC unit cell 910 includes a data latch 902, an XOR-gate 904, avoltage switch 906 and a capacitor 908 of variable size. The verticallyrouted set and reset signals are driven by the local SAR controlcircuitry 212 shown in FIG. 2, while the horizontally routedset-_enable_(n) and reset_enable_(n) signals are controlled by theshared SAR control circuitry 214. The latch operation is gated by thecorresponding enable signals, in order to access individual data latches902 inside the DAC. The qpol_(n) signal (n is an integer between 0 andN), when set to 1, is used to invert (through the XOR gate 904) thelatch output Q before being applied to the voltage switch 906. The qpolsignals are routed separately for odd and even column DACs, whilesub-DACs A and B share the same N-bit input.

The DAC switching algorithm is implemented in order to minimize theswitching energy and minimize the complexity of the control logic. Theprincipal algorithm as defined in Table 1 is implemented using the DACswitching as defined in Table 5. Parameters with their typical valuesare listed in Table 6. The parameters shown in Table 6 are fordemonstration purpose only, they may not be considered as values limitedto Table 6 only. It may also be possible to implement other variants ofthe switching algorithm, for instance swapping the sub-DACs A and B orswapping the order of odd versus even columns.

TABLE 5 DAC switching algorithm Phase QPOL A0 B0 A1 B1 1. Sampling RM RMPN RM PN 2. Reset conversion initialization RM 0 2. Reset conversioncomplete D_(R) D_(R) & ~1 3. Odd sampling 4. Odd conversioninitialization DM 0 4. Odd conversion complete D₁|1 D₁ 5. Even sampling0 6. Even conversion initialization DM 0 6. Even conversion complete D₀& D₀ ~1

Each bit corresponding n-th bit of A₀−A₁₁ and B₀−B₁₁ in DAC A and DAC Bcan be swapping back and forth, meaning for any given bit of any DAC, itcan be implemented either in DAC A or DAC B randomly in order to reducethe ADC differential non linearity (DNL) performance. The two equalweight least significant bits w₀ and w₁ (corresponding to capacitors C₁and C₀), where w₀ may equal to w₁, may also be swapped randomly duringconversion. To expand the flexibility further, columns in any given rowcan also be swapped randomly among different ADCs.

TABLE 6 ADC and DAC parameters Parameter Typical Value Comment RB 10Number of Reset Bits RM (2 {circumflex over ( )} RB) − 1 = 1023 Resetmask DB 12 Number of Data Bits DM (2 {circumflex over ( )} DB) − 1 =4095 Data mask PB  6 Number of randomization bits PN [0, (2 {circumflexover ( )} PB) − 1] Per-row randomized offset D_(R) [0, RM] Resetconversion result D₀, D₁ [0, DM] Signal conversion result R(D₀), R(D₁)[0, 1768] Redundancy decoded signal conversion results

The DAC randomization may be implemented pseudo randomly using a linearfeedback shift register (LFSR) which is updated at each readout of apixel row.

DAC switching algorithm shown in Table 5 can be viewed together withTable 1 to demonstrate how the DAC operates by exercising their DACcodes A0, B0, A1, and B1.

In Phase 1 of Table 5, during Sampling process, QPOL is set to RM forthe even columns while QPOL is zero for the odd columns. In one examplebased on Table 6, RM is set to a typical value of 1023=10′b11_1111_1111(all binary 1's). A0 and A1 are set to RM=1023, B0 and B1 are set to PNwhich is a randomized value between 0 and 63.

In Phase 2, Reset process, during conversion initialization, A0 ismaintained at RM=1023 and B0 is set to 0 from PN. During conversionprocess, the comparator 210 brings both A0 (down from 1023) and B0 (upfrom 0) to values around midway between 0 and RM=1023, where A0=DR andB0=(DR & ˜1). Where (DR & ˜1) denotes that every bit of DR and (DR & ˜1)are the same except (DR & ˜1) has its bit[0] value always equals to 0.Which means that for any given DR, its value is equal or larger thanthat of (DR & ˜1).

In Odd Phase 4, during conversion initialization, A1 is set to DM=4095and B1 is set to 0 from PN. During conversion process, the comparatorbrings both A1 (down from 4095) and B1 (up from 0) to values aroundmidway between 0 and DM=4095, where A1=(D1|1) and B1=D1. Where (D1|1)denotes that every bit of D1 and (D1|1) are the same except (D1|1) hasits bit[0] value always equals to 1. Which means that any value of(D1|1) is equal or larger than that of D1.

In Even Phase 5, value of QPOL is set from RM=1023=10′b11_1111_1111 (all10 binary bits are 1's) to 0=10′b00_0000_0000 (all 10 binary bits are0's). That means that logic inverting operation acted to Phase 1 through4 has been removed or negated. During Phase 1 through 4, A0/A1 equal orlarger than B0/B1 (by the might be difference only to the LSB bit[0])means VDAC0>VDAC1, it means that the comparator output was used todecrease VDAC0 and increase VDAC1. The flip of every bit of QPOL meansthat the comparator output is going to be used to increase VDAC0 anddecrease VDAC1, as will be seen in Phase 6 of Table 5.

In Even Phase 6, during conversion initialization, A0 is set to DM=4095from D_(R) and B0 is set to 0 from (D_(R) & ˜1) of Phase 2. Duringconversion process, the comparator brings both A0 (down from 4095) andB0 (up from 0) to values around midway between 0 and DM=4095, whereA0=(D₀ & ˜1) and B0=D₀. Since (D₀ & ˜1) denotes that every bit of D₀ and(D₀ & ˜1) are the same except (D₀ & ˜1) has its bit[0] value alwaysequals to 0. That means the value of B0=D₀ is equal or larger than thatof A0=(D₀ & ˜1). The comparator was told to increase B0=VDAC1 anddecrease A0=VDAC0 before balance was achieved.

The above description of illustrated examples of the invention,including what is described in the Abstract, is not intended to beexhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed.While specific examples of the invention are described herein forillustrative purposes, various modifications are possible within thescope of the invention, as those skilled in the relevant art willrecognize.

These modifications can be made to the invention in light of the abovedetailed description. The terms used in the following claims should notbe construed to limit the invention to the specific examples disclosedin the specification. Rather, the scope of the invention is to bedetermined entirely by the following claims, which are to be construedin accordance with established doctrines of claim interpretation.

What is claimed is:
 1. A CMOS image sensor, comprising: a pixel arrayincluding a plurality of 4T pixels, wherein each 4T pixel comprises aphoto diode (PD) that generates image charges in response to incidentlight, a transfer (TX) transistor, a reset (RST) transistor, a sourcefollower (SF) transistor, and a row select (RS) transistor, and whereinthe SF transistor is coupled between the PD and the RS transistor toconvert the PD generated image charges to an image output voltage; aplurality of readout columns; a plurality of bias current sourcescoupled to the readout columns, wherein each bias current sourceprovides bias current to the SF transistor through the readout column;and a plurality of readout circuitry coupled to the readout columns toread out an image data from the pixel array, wherein each readoutcircuitry comprises a first sampling switch and a successiveapproximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC), whereinthe SAR ADC comprises a differential comparator, a local SAR control,and a first digital-to-analog converter (DAC), wherein the firstsampling switch is coupled between a first readout column and anon-inverting input of the differential comparator, and wherein thefirst DAC is coupled between the local SAR control and the non-invertinginput of the differential comparator.
 2. The CMOS image sensor of claim1, further comprises a shared SAR control, wherein the shared SARcontrol controls at least one sampling switches, and timing of thesuccessive approximation switching algorithm of a plurality of SAR ADCsof the pixel array.
 3. The CMOS image sensor of claim 2, wherein eachreadout circuitry further comprises a bias voltage, wherein the biasvoltage is coupled to an inverting input of the differential comparator,to form a 1-column SAR ADC.
 4. The CMOS image sensor of claim 2, whereineach readout circuitry further comprises a second sampling switch and asecond DAC, wherein the second sampling switch is coupled between asecond readout column and an inverting input of the differentialcomparator, and wherein the second DAC is coupled between the local SARcontrol and the inverting input of the differential comparator, to forma 2-column SAR ADC.
 5. The CMOS image sensor of claim 4, wherein the2-column SAR ADC is two-pixel-column wide in physical layout.
 6. TheCMOS image sensor of claim 4, wherein every two adjacent 2-column SARADCs are coupled to every four adjacent readout columns, and wherein asampling switch of the 2-column SAR ADC is to receive one of the fouradjacent readout columns based on which pixel row is read from.
 7. TheCMOS image sensor of claim 4, wherein the second DAC is a chargeredistribution DAC, wherein the charge redistribution DAC consists oftwo sub-DACs and comprises a plurality of voltage distribution DAC unitcells, an AC coupling split capacitor shared between two half-DACs,wherein each half-DAC has the same number of the DAC unit cells, and avariable-size capacitor coupled between the node where one end of the ACcoupling split capacitor connects to least significant bit (LSB)capacitors and a negative voltage reference.
 8. The CMOS image sensor ofclaim 7, wherein the two sub-DACs have the same number of DAC unit cellsand the same distribution of bit weights.
 9. The CMOS image sensor ofclaim 7, wherein the DAC unit cell comprises a data latch coupled to afirst input of an XOR gate, wherein an inverting signal is coupled to asecond input of the XOR gate, wherein an output of the XOR gate iscoupled to a voltage switch to determine what voltage to input to avoltage distribution capacitor, and wherein the voltage distributioncapacitor contributes its voltage to a DAC output based on what voltagethe capacitor receives.
 10. The CMOS image sensor of claim 2, whereinthe first DAC is a charge redistribution DAC, wherein the chargeredistribution DAC consists of two sub-DACs and comprises a plurality ofvoltage distribution DAC unit cells, an AC coupling split capacitorshared between the two half-DACs, wherein each half-DAC has the samenumber of the DAC unit cells, and a variable-size capacitor coupledbetween the node where one end of the AC coupling split capacitorconnects to least significant bit (LSB) capacitors and a negativevoltage reference.
 11. The CMOS image sensor of claim 10, wherein thetwo sub-DACs have the same number of DAC unit cells and the samedistribution of bit weights.
 12. The CMOS image sensor of claim 10,wherein the DAC unit cell comprises a data latch coupled to a firstinput of an XOR gate, wherein an inverting signal is coupled to a secondinput of the XOR gate, wherein an output of the XOR gate is coupled to avoltage switch to determine what voltage to input to a voltagedistribution capacitor, and wherein the voltage distribution capacitorcontributes its voltage to a DAC output based on what voltage thecapacitor receives.
 13. An image readout method for reading two pixelswith three conversions, comprising: resetting a comparator of an ADC;turning on a first sampling switch to sample a first reset voltage froma first readout column to a non-inverting input of the comparator and asecond sampling switch to sample a second reset voltage from a secondreadout column to the inverting input of the comparator; setting a firstDAC to a first initial value and a second DAC to a second initial value;stepping digital values of the first DAC while maintaining the digitalvalue of the second DAC unchanged to reach a first digital value of thefirst DAC when the comparator triggers a first time, wherein the firstdigital value is a summation of the first initial value and a resetdigital value; transferring pixel charges from photo diodes of a pixelrow under read to readout columns; turning on the second sampling switchto sample a second signal voltage from the second readout column to theinverting input of the comparator, wherein a voltage of the invertinginput of the comparator reduces by the second signal voltage from asecond reset voltage corresponding to the second initial value of thesecond DAC; stepping the digital values of the second DAC whilemaintaining the first digital value of the first DAC unchanged to reacha second digital value of the second DAC when the comparator triggers asecond time; turning on the first sampling switch to sample a firstsignal voltage from the first readout column to the non-inverting inputof the comparator, wherein the voltage of the non-inverting input of thecomparator reduces by the first signal voltage from a first resetvoltage corresponding to the first initial value of the first DAC;setting a first DAC to a subtraction of the reset digital value from thefirst initial value to compensate for a comparator offset; and steppingthe digital values of the first DAC while maintaining the second digitalvalue corresponding to the second DAC unchanged to reach a third digitalvalue corresponding to the first DAC when the comparator triggers athird time.
 14. An image readout method of claim 13, wherein the firstand second initial values are large enough to allow conversion of thecomparator offset without saturation, and the first initial values isless than the second initial value.
 15. An image readout method of claim13, wherein the second and third digital values represent digital imagesignals of the first and the second readout columns, offset by thevoltages corresponding to their first and second initial values set bythe first and second DACs.
 16. An image readout method of claim 13,wherein a difference between the first digital value and the firstinitial value is the reset digital value, and wherein based on thecomparator triggering the first time, a first quantization error betweenoutput voltages of the first DAC and the second DAC is minimized to lessthan one of the DAC voltages corresponding to the least significant bit(LSB).
 17. An image readout method of claim 13, wherein based on thecomparator triggering the second time, a second quantization errorbetween the output voltages of the first DAC corresponding to the firstdigital value and the second DAC corresponding to the second digitalvalue is minimized to less than one of the DAC voltages corresponding tothe LSB.
 18. An image readout method of claim 13, wherein based on thecomparator triggering the third time, a third quantization error betweenthe output voltages of the first DAC corresponding to the third digitalvalue and the second DAC corresponding the second digital value isminimized to less than one of the DAC voltages corresponding to the LSB.19. An image readout method for reading one pixel with two conversions,comprising: setting a bias voltage to an inverting input of thecomparator; resetting a comparator of an ADC; turning on a firstsampling switch to sample an reset voltage from a readout column to anon-inverting input of the comparator; setting a first DAC to a firstinitial value; stepping digital values of the first DAC to reach a firstdigital value of the first DAC when the comparator triggers a firsttime, wherein the first digital value is a summation of the firstinitial value and a reset digital value; transferring pixel charges fromphoto diodes of a pixel row under read to a readout column; turning onthe first sampling switch to sample a first signal voltage from thereadout column to the non-inverting input of the comparator, wherein avoltage of the non-inverting input of the comparator reduces by a firstsignal voltage from the first initial voltage corresponding to the firstinitial value of the first DAC; setting a first DAC to a subtraction ofthe reset digital value from the first initial value to compensate for acomparator offset; and stepping the digital values of the first DAC toreach a second digital value corresponding to the first DAC when thecomparator triggers a second time.
 20. An image readout method of claim19, wherein the first initial value is set to a value to allowconversion of the comparator offset without saturation.
 21. An imagereadout method of claim 19, wherein the second digital value representsa digital image signal of the readout column, offset by the firstinitial voltage corresponding to the first initial value of the firstDAC.
 22. An image readout method of claim 19, wherein the differencebetween the first digital value and the first initial value is the resetdigital value, and wherein based on the comparator triggering the firsttime, a first quantization error between the output voltages of thefirst DAC and the bias voltage is minimized to less than the first DACvoltage corresponding to the least significant bit (LSB).
 23. An imagereadout method of claim 19, wherein based on the comparator triggeringthe second time, a second quantization error between the output voltagesof the first DAC corresponding to the second digital value and the biasvoltage is minimized to less than the first DAC voltage corresponding tothe LSB.